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Outer Space & Universe

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Outer Space & Universe

Space, also known as outer space, is the near-vacuum between celestial bodies. It is where everything (all of the planets, stars, galaxies and other objects) is found.

On Earth, space begins at the Kármán line (100 km above sea level). This is where Earth's atmosphere is said to stop and outer space begins. This is not a firm boundary but is a convention used by scientists and diplomats.

Items in space are free to move back and forth; up and down; and left and right. These three dimensions are what make 3D space. Items also move forward through time, which is sometimes called the fourth dimension.

The majority of space contains very little matter and so most of it is a vacuum. Scientists do not know how big space is but we do know that space is extremely big, and is always expanding.

According to the big bang theory, all matter and energy in the Universe was compressed into a very small space. Then it exploded and started expanding. Space is still growing in size today; this means the distance from one galaxy to distant galaxies is getting longer.

Gravity is the force that keeps the Moon in orbit around the Earth and the planets in orbit around the Sun. Gravity can stretch and bend space similar to how a heavy ball placed on a stretched sheet of rubber will cause the rubber to stretch. The scientist who discovered that space can bend is named Albert Einstein. How gravity bends space is part of his theory of general relativity.

Astronauts, Cosmonauts, Taikonauts and Spationauts

An astronaut is any person who is trained by NASA to travel and perform tasks in space. Although the space traveler may not necessarily be a United States citizen, each astronaut does go through a rigorous training regiment by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Other space travelers go by other names then astronaut depending on their country of origin.

In the United States, astronaut is derived from the Greek words ástron (star) and nautis (sailor). While, in Russia, a space traveler goes by the name космонавт (English: cosmonaut), which is derived from the Greek words kosmos (universe) and nautis (sailor). Westerners call a space traveler from China a taikonaut, based on the 1998 writings of Chiew Lee Yik and Chen Lan where the term tàikōng (great emptiness), Chinese for “space”. In China, the term yuháng yuán (universe navigator) is used for space traveler.

Only the United States of America (United States), Russia (earlier, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), and the People’s Republic of China (China) have sent manned spacecraft into space. Other countries have assisted these countries by sending their own space travelers on space missions. For instance, a French space traveler is called a spationaut (from the French word spationaute), which is derived from the Latin spatium (space) and Greek nautis (sailor). (plural in Greek nautes = sailors)

 

  • 00:15 wordbank_jupiter

    wordbank_jupiter

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    More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/wordbank_jupiter/Credit:NASA & ESA

  • 00:15 wordbank_dwarf-galaxy

    wordbank_dwarf-galaxy

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    More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/wordbank_dwarf-galaxy/Credit:NASA & ESA

  • 00:15 wordbank_circumstellar-disk

    wordbank_circumstellar-disk

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    More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/wordbank_circumstellar-disk/Credit:NASA & ESA

  • 00:15 Word Bank: Elliptical Galaxy

    Word Bank: Elliptical Galaxy

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    More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/wordbank_elliptical-galaxy/Credit:ESA/Hubble, NASA, ESA, R.M. Crockett (University of Oxford, U.K.), S. Kaviraj (Imperial College London and University of Oxford, U.K.), J. Silk (Universit

  • 00:15 Word Bank: Exoplanet

    Word Bank: Exoplanet

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    More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/wordbank_exoplanet/Credit:ESA/Hubble, M. Kornmesser

  • 00:15 Word Bank: Active Galactic Nucleus

    Word Bank: Active Galactic Nucleus

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    More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/wordbank_active-galactic-nucleus/Credit:ESA/Hubble, NASA, ESA, J. Kriss (STScI) and J. de Plaa (SRON)

  • 00:15 Word Bank: Gravitational Wave

    Word Bank: Gravitational Wave

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    More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/wordbank_gravitational-wave/Credit:ESO/L. Calçada.

  • 00:15 Word Bank: Black Hole

    Word Bank: Black Hole

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    More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/wordbank_black-hole/Credit:ESA/Hubble, EHT collaboration

  • 00:15 Word Bank: Atmosphere

    Word Bank: Atmosphere

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    More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/wordbank_atmosphere/Credit:NASA & ESA

  • 00:15 wordbank_dwarf-planet

    wordbank_dwarf-planet

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    More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/wordbank_dwarf-planet/Credit:NASA & ESA

  • 00:15 Word Bank: Spiral Galaxy

    Word Bank: Spiral Galaxy

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    More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/wordbank_spiral-galaxy/Credit:NASA & ESA

  • 00:15 wordbank_neutron-star

    wordbank_neutron-star

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    More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/wordbank_neutron-star/Credit:NASA & ESA

  • 00:15 wordbank_comet

    wordbank_comet

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    More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/wordbank_comet/Credit:NASA & ESA

  • 00:15 Word Bank: Big Bang

    Word Bank: Big Bang

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    More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/wordbank_big-bang/Credit:NASA, ESA, and S. Beckwith (STScI) and the HUDF Team

  • 00:15 wordbank_globular-cluster

    wordbank_globular-cluster

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    More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/wordbank_globular-cluster/Credit:NASA & ESA

  • 00:15 Word Bank: Habitable Zone

    Word Bank: Habitable Zone

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    More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/wordbank_habitable-zone/Credit:ESA/Hubble, M. Kornmesser

  • 00:15 Word Bank: Infrared Astronomy

    Word Bank: Infrared Astronomy

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    More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/wordbank_infrared-astronomy/Credit:ESA/Hubble, JPL/Caltech

  • 00:30 Cosmic Lens Flare

    Cosmic Lens Flare

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    More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/potw2129a/Credit:ESA/Hubble & NASA, A. Newman, M. Akhshik, K. Whitaker Music: Stellardrone - Stardome

  • 00:30 Squabbling Galactic Siblings

    Squabbling Galactic Siblings

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    More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/potw2130a/Credit:ESA/Hubble & NASA, J. Dalcanton Music: Andrey Klimkovsky/New Horizons

  • 00:30 Rediscovered, Renamed, Reclassified

    Rediscovered, Renamed, Reclassified

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    More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/potw2128a/Credit:ESA/Hubble & NASA, E. Noyola Music: Stellardrone - Billions and Billions

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